Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan - the state in the Central Asia, in the west flowed about by Caspian sea and adjoining with Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Afghanistan and Iran (on the sea - also with Russia and Azerbaijan). Terrain - 488,1  thousand sq. km. The population (4,29  million persons) - mainly Turkmans (72 %), Russian (9,5 %), Uzbeks (9 %), Kazakhs (2,5 %). The State language - Turkmen. Among believers Islam sunnitskogo sense is passed most round. Monetary unit - manat. Capital - Ashkhabad (412,2  thousand Inhabitants), other large cities - Krasnovodsk, Chardzhou, nebitdag. Enters into the CIS.

Turkmenistan is had within Turansky lowland, the terrain bulk is occupied with desert the Penalty-godfather. In the south mounts of Kopet Dagh (a climate - a mount of Rize, 2942 are had), elevations Badhyz and Karabil. The Water front of Caspian sea is hardly cut up, forming the extensive gulfs practically abjointed from the sea - Kara Bogas Gol and Krasnovodsk. The largest river - Amu Darya irrigating the extreme east of the country, in the south - shallow Murghab and Tedzhen. Waters of Amu Darya are thrown on 1000  km in southern regions across Kara Kum canal.

The Climate sharply continental, droughty: the average temperature of January-4 °C, July 28 °C, deposits falls out from 80  mm a year in the northeast to 300 mm in mounts.

Vegetation mostly deserted (a saxaul, kandym and other bushes), almost lifeless crescent-shaped sand dunes are covered with rare potherb on a short time after rains. On podgornyh plains petrous and clayey sagebrush deserts are passed round. On plain often there are takyrs, saline soils. The vegetation of mounts is more attractive: in Kopet Dagh (which flora numbers more than 2000 aspects) meet archovniki (mozhzhevelovye woods), Karabil represents hilly steppe, in Badhyze dry steppes (with ample vernal forbs when poppies blossom, irises, tulips and many other things grasses), a tangle of an almond, a dog rose and pistachio light forests are passed round. On valleys of the rivers riparian forests of Central Asia (from turangi, a silverberry elaeagnus and other arbours) grow.

91 aspect of mammals among which is rare - an onager, dwells In Turkmenistan a snow leopard, a leopard, an archar, a saiga; 372 aspects of auks (including pelicans and a flamingo), 74 aspects of reptiles. The fauna is guarded in Badhyzsky, Krasnodar and Repeteksky reservations.

From natural places of interest it is necessary to note the well-known Bahardensky cave with huge underground loch Kou-Ata. In Badhyze there is a unique natural installation - hollow Er-Ojlan-Duz surrounded with 300-metre clayey breakages. The hollow bottom is almost entirely occupied by salty loch and saline soils among which are lifted low, but picturesque cones of ancient burning mountains.

Turkmenistan from ancient times was range of moving of the person though actually Turkmen ethnos was generated only to XIV-XV to centuries. The rests of ancient civilisations and cities were saved: ruins of Merv (VI century), a mosque the Talhatan-woman near Kushka, ruins of the city of Amul, known Parthia from times (near to Chardzhou), Kunja-Urgench - reservation architectural monuments. In the world Turkmen carpets, items from silver and semiprecious stones, an earthenware, and also pride of Turkmenistan - jumpers ahaltekinskoj mucks are famous.