Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan - the state which has been had in the middle of Eurasia, to the south from the Ural mounts, in the southwest is flowed about by Caspian sea. Bounds on Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia and China. Terrain - 2717,3  thousand sq. km. The population (17,37  million persons) - mainly Kazakhs (42 %), Russian (37 %), Ukrainians (5 %), Germans (5 %) and many other things the people. A state language - Kazakh. Monetary unit - tenge. Enters into the CIS. Capital - Alma-Ata (1,16  million inhabitants), the largest cities - Chimkent, Semipalatinsk, Karaganda, Pavlodar.

the Huge terrain of Kazakhstan is stretched from Volga to Altai, from West Siberian plain to mounts Tjan-Shanja. In the west - Near-Caspian lowland (dint Karagie, 132  m below a sea level), restricted from the northeast southern spurs of a mountain of Urals Mountains and Mugodzhar. To the northeast from Mugodzhar - the Turgajsky plateau which in the south passes in the Turansky lowland occupied with desert Kyzyl-godfather. In the central part of the country - Kazakh melkosopochnik with separate hills; in the south - desert Betpak-has given and Mujunkum. In the east and the southeast - southern chains of Altai, and also ridges Saura, Tarbagataja, Dzungarian Ala Tau, Tjan-Shanja (altitude to 4973 . In mounts - over 2700 icehouses. The main rivers - Irtysh, Urals Mountains, Chu, Syr-Darya. In terrain of Kazakhstan is from above 48  Thousand loches (the largest - Balkhash, Zaisan, Alakol), system of conservation reservoirs (Chardarinsky, Buhtarminsky, etc.) and irrigation canals (Irtysh-Karaganda).

a country Climate sharply continental: average temperatures of January from-18 ° in the north to-3 °C in the south, July - 19 ° and 28-30 °C accordingly. Deposits in the north falls out to 300  mm, in deserts - less than 100 mm, in mounts - to 1600  mm.

The Vegetation of Kazakhstan is not less diverse: in the north - forest-steppe with change of osinovo-birchwoods and meadow steppes; typical and dry steppes which occupy the country bulk, occuring intermittently islets of pine forests; to the south semi-deserts melkosopochnika with barhannymi sand, kustarnichkovoj and gramineous vegetation are had. The southern part of the Kazakhstan plain is occupied by clayey saltwort deserts, stony deserts and saline soils. On river valleys riparian forests of Central Asia grow. In mounts of Southern and Southeast Kazakhstan all high-rise belts are presented: from foothill steppes to dack coniferous forests (from a cedar, a fir, a spruce) and Alpine meadows. The fauna is rich: steppe saigas, drofy, deserted jerboas, steppe cats, Middle Asian gazelles and dwelling in mounts arhary, snow leopards and bears. Many rare species are guarded in reservations - Alma-Ati, Aksu-Dzhabagly, Barsakelmes, Naurzumsky, Kurgaldzhinsky.

The Crop of Kazakhstan was formed on intersection of many people, as has defined its originality. One of the oldest cities - Dzhambul known since V century, in X-XII was centuries state Karahanidov capital, large shopping centre on the Great silk path from China to Europe. Chimkent is known since XII century. In the ancient city of Turkestan there is a mausoleum builted in XII century of Hodzhi Ahmet Jasavi. In days of a gain Russia Siberia and Central Asia in many cities had been based Russian strong holds.