Geography of Germany

Germany is had in the Central Europe. The state total area in its present aspect compounds 356,9 thousand in km ². If to move from the north on the country south it will be as though a path upwards - from most nizinnyh regions to high snow-covered peaks of East Alpes.

Extent of the state overland boundary line of Germany is great enough and numbers 3,6  thousand in km. The country bounds in the north with Denmark (extent of boundary line - 68  km); in the west with Poland (456  km); in the southwest with the Czech Republic (646  km); in the south with Austria (784 km) and Switzerland (334 km); in the west with France (451  Km), Belgium (167  km), Luxembourg (138  km) and the Netherlands (577  km). The country rule in the middle Europe, on a crossroads shirotnyh and meridional international pathes, is significant. Here there pass the shortest transit pathes bridging the North with the Mediterranean, and also the West and the East. Germany in general bounds on nine states and on this parametre occupies a record rule among other West European countries. From all boundary lines only southern, going across the Alpes, represents a strongly pronounced natural boundary. The maximum extent of boundary lines from the north on the south, from boundary line with Denmark to boundary line with Austria, compounds 850  km that occupies 9 hours of a path on a motor trunk. The greatest extent of boundary lines from the West to the east, from boundary line with France to boundary line with the Czech republic, numbers the little more 800  km.

In the north Germany has wide enough exit to Northern and Baltic seas, the length of its water front is equal 2,4  thousand in km. Marine gate of Germany - its coast and ports - supply delivery by the most low-cost transport of the big masses of fuel and raw materials, and also create congenial conditions for finished product export.

already first sight at a map allows to present clearly trehjarusnost terrains of Germany: in the north North German plain is had, are in the middle concentrated srednegorja, in the extreme south spurs of a mountain of the Alpes are lifted. A diversity of a landform reflects complexity of a geological constitution and defines differences naturally the countries: in a climate, a soil covering, formation of a river network etc.

North German plain is combined paleogenovymi, neogenovymi and chetvertichnymi by deposits and is stretched to spurs of a mountain of mounts. In the past sea repeatedly penetrated into these regions. The plain bears also bright traces plejstotsenovogo glaciations: morennye rows, zandrovye lowlands, the big valleys of ancient torrents, assemblage of loches. Along with flat sections with a small difference in height there are regions hardly decomposed landform. Morennye rows and hills alternate with the reductions often occupied with loches. So, in Meklenburgsky poozere pine and beechen woods combine with marshes and waste grounds, assemblage of loches.

From the north the strip of moraines is restricted by coast of the seas forming a number of gulfs and shoal lagoons. Overgrown with wood morennye hills alternate with the open, gently rolling terrains occupied with arable lands. In dry pine forests there are picturesque loches of mainly extended form; among flat pratums and waste grounds the rivers easy leak. Eurysynusic heath family and herbaceous waste grounds. In one of them - the Ljuneburgsky waste ground in mezhdureche Elba and Weser in 1910  to year the natural park (the square - 20  is based; thousand in hectares), embracing pine and small-leaved woods, heathlands, marshes in which dwell about 380 aspects of auks. To the loch south vanish, and chains of hills towering over lowlands become more roundish and smoothed, there are the elevations combined by ancient crystal mucks. Plain landscapes hardly vary from the western coast to the east: flights with juicy-green rectangles of pratums and fields are replaced by more raised sections which pass in the hills overgrown with a pine forest.

At boundary line with the Netherlands it is possible to see and poldery, both windmills, and colourful fields of tulips. It is a lot of marshes and loches in these places has given the conforming names terminating on moor (in a translation from German a marsh). However the bulk of marshes is drained and cultivated. On Jutlandsky peninsula and in lower reaches of Elba the coast is fenced by bankings. Landscapes of North German plain are hardly converted by the person, but there are biosphere reserves and national parks (for example Vattenmeer). In the south the lowland is restricted by piedmonts.

  the Strip srednevysotnyh mounts is had to the south of lowland. Here the complex combination of elevations, low and srednevysotnyh (600-800, sometimes to 1400  is observed; m; mount Feldberg in Schwarzwald - 1493 . They enter into a belt of mountain structures of so-called Gertsinsky Europe (Harz, the Rhine Slate mounts, Schwarzwald (Black Wood), Bohemian Forest, SHumava, Tjuringsky Wood, Erzgebirge, etc.). Srednevysotnye mounts have flat or kupolovidnye apexes and abrupt slopes. For them the interleaving of poorly decomposed low residual blocks and separate mounts is characteristic or of the ridges overtopping over locality with deep vrezannymi by valleys. Srednevysotnye mounts occupy the country bulk. In the west they begin the Rhine Slate mounts (Ejfel and Hunsrjuk - on a left bank of Rhine; Taunus, Vestervald, Zauerland - on a right bank) which are to the east replaced by mounts Teutoburger Wald, Harz, Tjuringsky Wood and Erzgebirge. The greatest altitude attain Taunus (880 ), Harz (1142), Tjuringsky Wood (982 ), Erzgebirge (1244  m - mount Klinovets). Mounts are combined as granite, gneisses, places by ancient vulcanics, and a sedimentary rock (shale, sandstones and chalkstones). Hills are covered by woods and are very picturesque. Here the greatest number of reservations and nature protection ranges, in which many interesting and quiet vacation spots for all tastes is concentrated: mountain loches, small villages, boarding houses of the big and small, tourist paths etc. And monogynopaedium with small children, and the skilled tourist can select to itself a suitable aspect of rest.

To the south from a mountain belt the wide valley of the Overhead Danube was drew through from the West to the east, and still the Prealpine Bavarian plateau gradually raising on 300-600  to the south begins; m. On boundary lines of the country it is framed by the advanced ridges of the Alpes. Here there is the highest point of Germany - mount TSugshpittse (2963 , which apex is covered by snow. It is considered, that the Alpine and Prealpine wood regions are the purest in the ecological attitude terrains of Germany.

the River network of the country dense enough. The basic rivers of Germany - Rhine (inflows Main, Moselle, Neckar), Elba (inflows of Saale, Havel), Oder, Weser, Danube in headwaters. Many rivers are navigable, transport possibilities are increased at the expense of building of man-made canals.

All large rivers leak from the south and the southeast on the north, binding intrinsic regions with the sea. Exclusion compounds Danube. It originates in the middle a block Schwarzwald and leaks to the east, to Black sea. Some large rivers of Germany from sources to a mouth proceed on German land - Ems, Weser and Spree. The main river of the country Rhine both begins, and attains the sea behind its limits: its source - in the Swiss Alpes, and a mouth - in the Netherlands. The majority of the large rivers of Germany are abounding in water. They leak in the developed valleys and solidify for 1-1,5 months. Danube and Rhine are especially high-water in the spring and in the summer when snow and mountain icehouses thaw. Interstreams between the rivers are low, that allows to bridge their canals. The configuration of a river network is considerably corrected by the person. The meridional direction of the main rivers is added shirotnym by, the Srednegermansky canal connecting them together which is passing on boundary line of lowland and elevations. The considerable quantity of other canals is builted.  

  Large loches are in piedmonts of the Alpes. The largest loch in Germany - Bodensky (the square - 538  km ²). It fills in a large tectonic hollow. In piedmonts of the Alpes some more large loches - Himzee, SHternbergerzee, Ammerzee are had. These are popular places of summer holiday and tourism. On North German plain many small loches of the glacial parentage. Biggest of them - loch Mjurits in Mecklenburg.

the country Bulk represents a cultural landscape. Sazhenye and natural woods - mainly elovo-fir and pine, and also shirokolistvennye from a beech, an oak and some other aspects.

Monthly average temperature of air (°s)